Vision Self-Mmanagement For Older Adults: a Randomised Controlled Trial

cold-water immersion (14uC) recovery intervention on repeated cycling performance in the heat. min constant-paced (254 (22) W) cycling session followed by a 4-km time trial in hot conditions (35uC, 40% relative humidity). The two bouts were separated by either 15 min of seated recovery in the heat (control) or the same condition with 5-min cold-water immersion (5th–10th minute), using a counterbalanced cross-over design (CP1TT1 R CWI or CON R CP2TT2). Rectal temperature was measured immediately before and after both the constant-paced sessions and 4-km timed trials. Cycling economy and Vo2 were measured during the constant-paced sessions, and the average power output and completion times were recorded for each time trial. significantly lower (0.5 (0.4)uC) in cold-water immersion before CP2 until the end of the second 4-km timed trial. However, the increase in rectal temperature (0.5 (0.2)uC) during CP2 was not significantly different between conditions. During the second 4-km timed trial, power output was significantly greater in cold-water immersion (58.8) W), leading to a faster completion time in coldwater immersion (6.1 (0.3) min) compared with control (6.4 (0.5) min). Economy and Vo2 were not influenced by the cold-water immersion recovery intervention. significantly lowered rectal temperature and maintained endurance performance during subsequent high-intensity exercise. These data indicate that repeated exercise performance in heat may be improved when a short period of cold-water immersion is applied during the recovery period. To maintain performance during sporting events held in hot environmental conditions, athletes must regulate their core temperature within a relatively narrow (37u–40uC) range. Increases in core temperature of only 2uC above normal can increase the perception of fatigue and result in reduced exercise performance. 3 Many team sports such as soccer require athletes to compete over prolonged periods (60–90 min), at relatively high intensities (ie, ,65% Vo2max), separated into equal halves by a 10–15-min halftime break. Time–motion analyses of soccer indicate that both submaximal and sprint performance decrease during the second half of competition. 5 When games are played in the heat, elevated core temperatures (.39uC) from the first half can increase the level of fatigue experienced during the second half of competition, leading to further 6 Therefore, a strategy to reduce core temperature during halftime breaks (,15 min) could minimise the reduction in performance that is often observed during the second half. The high specific heat of water (ie, the ability to absorb large amounts of heat before changing temperature), coupled with waters’ ability to be applied over a large surface area, makes cold-water immersion an effective method to rapidly reduce core body temperature. The effectiveness of coldwater immersion for decreasing core temperature and increasing the heat storage capacity of individuals during exercise has been quantified. 9 For example, after 30 min of 14uC torso-only coldwater immersion, Marsh and Sleivert reported an average decrease in rectal temperature of 0.3uC during